ABSTRACT
Although gallbladder cancers are rarely seen, the mortality rates are high. Pure squamous cell cancer, which is one of the most rarely seen cancer types in the gallbladder, originates from the squamous metaplasia which forms following chronic irritation in the mucosa. The majority of cases are generally at the inoperable stage when diagnosed as they have been followed up for long-term cholelithiasis. The case is here presented of a 59-year old female who underwent surgical and medical treatment for a bladder tumour 10 years previously and although gallbladder stones were determined at that time, as she was asymptomatic, surgery was not recommended, then with the progression of time, gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma developed.
ABSTRACT
Paraganglioma occur from the paraganglionic stems of the autonomic nervous system. They develop from the carotid body and are known as carotid body tumours. These are sporadic, rare vascular lesions showing genetic transfer. Although they are generally benign and have a slow course, because of invasion to adjacent neurovascular tissues or pressure, early diagnosis and treatment is of importance. Diagnosis is made from a detailed history and physical examination and is confirmed with angiography. The treatment method selected in the majority of cases is surgery. In this paper, the case is presented of a 73-year old female who underwent surgery in our clinic for a diagnosis of carotid body paraganglioma.
ABSTRACT
Aims: FibroTest and ActiTest are noninvasive tests used in determining the level of fibrosis and the degree of necroinflammatory activity in the liver. In our study, we aimed to investigate whether these tests could be alternative to liver biopsy. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients were included in the study. Serum samples were obtained and liver needle biopsy was performed on the same day. Levels of fibrosis in FibroTest and levels of activity in ActiTest, both determined via serum biochemical markers, were compared with levels of fibrosis and activity in histopathological examination. For statistical analyses, Mc Nemar chi square test and Spearman's correlation tests were used. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between fibrosis in biopsy and the level of fibrosis in FibroTest in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) (rho: 0.67, P < 0.0001). However, no significant correlation was determined between the activity in biopsy and the degree of activity in ActiTest (rho: 0.29, P < 0.05). No significant correlation was determined between both fibrosis and activity established in biopsy and the results of FibroTest and ActiTest in the group of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) (rho: 0.22, P < 0.05 and rho: 0.15, P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Our results suggest that novel and safer noninvasive biochemical tests are needed as an alternative to histopathology in patients infected with HBV and HCV. Consequently, we believe that liver biopsy maintains its place as a gold standard in determining the histopathological condition of the liver.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pterygia are common, benign, fibrovascular, and infiltrative processes of the corneo-conjunctival junction of unknown pathogenesis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediates the rate-limiting step in arachidonic acid metabolism. Extensive evidence indicates that the COX-2 prostanoid pathway is involved in inflammation. The aim of the study was to document the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in primary and recurrent pterygia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 21 primary pterygia and 12 recurrent pterygia from subjects undergoing pterygium surgery and six normal corneal-scleral tissue specimens were studied immunohistochemically for COX-2 expression. RESULTS: COX-2 was expressed in primary pterygia and recurrent pterygia specimens. There was a statistically significant difference in COX-2 expressions in fibroblasts between primary and recurrent pterygium cases ( P = 0.001). There were statistically significant differences in COX-2 expressions in surface epithelium ( P = 0.028) and stromal inflammatory cells ( P =0.000) between control tissues and primary pterygia tissues. We also detected statistically significant differences in COX-2 expressions in surface epithelium ( P =0.000), stromal fibroblasts P =0.000 (stromal fibroblasts and inflammatory cells), vessels ( P = 0.027) and inflammatory cells ( P =0.001) between control tissues and recurrent pterygia tissues. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to document the expression of COX-2 in primary and recurrent pterygia. In our opinion after excision of pterygia, fibroblastic proliferation continues and this contributes to recurrence.